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Cognition, , , Hofmann, S. Training children's theory-of-mind: A meta-analysis of controlled studies. Missing persons. Dodd Ed. Understanding emotion. Feldman Barrett, M. Haviland-Jones Eds. New York: Guilford Press, Ganea, P. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 51, , Numerical cognition explains agerelated changes in third-party fairness.

Person perception in young children across two cultures. Journal of Cognition and Development, 17, , Breazeal, C. Young children treat robots as informant.

Topics in Cognitive Science, 8, —, A role for executive functions in explanatory understanding of the physical world Cognitive Development, 39, , Legare, C. The ontogeny of cultural learning. Child Development, 87, , Children teach methods they could not discover for themselves. Sprung, M. Children's emotion understanding: A meta-analysis of training studies. Developmental Review, 37, , Rakoczy, H. Morgan, T. Developmental Science. James Mark Baldwin and contemporary theories of culture and evolution.

European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12, , Social Anthropology, 23, , Corriveau, K. Cognitive Science , Cognitive Development , Jipson Eds.

New York: Psychology Press, Child Development , 86, , Topics in Cognitive Science , Chen, E. Journal of Cognition and Development , Bernard, S. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , Developmental Review , Lewis, J.

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Also called lowered and used as a passageway or gate. Embrasure Some slits took the form of a cross and An opening in a wall through which arrows some incorporated an oilette — a round or bolts may be fired. Enceinte The fortified enclosure of the castle Bailey precincts, usually outlined by a defensive An enclosed courtyard overlooked by wall surmounted by a parapet or walkway the motte or keep of a motte-and-bailey from which the castle can be defended.

The commanding tower and residential structure of a castle functioning as the Barbican last line of defence. An outer defence element of a castle. Often a heavily fortified tower above a gate or Machicolation holes drawbridge of a castle.

The sloped outside base of the curtain wall used to bounce rocks on to attacking forces. Portcullis A grille or gate made of wood or metal that Battlement forms part of the fortified entrance to many Crenellated defensive top edge of a wall that medieval castles. The solid widths between attack, and could be raised or lowered crenels are called merlons.

Cathedrals can be found in most main European cities. Alexander Avdeev Izim Gulcuk Cologne Cathedral The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour This is the second-tallest gothic This is the tallest and largest Eastern structure in the world, and it took Orthodox Church in the world, and is over years to complete between located on the bank of the Moskva — Cologne Cathedral has River in Moscow, Russia.

Built to house the relics dynamited in to make way for of the Magi, the majority of its the never-completed Palace of Soviets. Ambulatory A circular aisle that wraps around the apse. Apse The semicircular or polygonal termination to the choir or aisles of a church. Boss The highly decorated carvings found in ceilings and used to conceal breaks in the vault work. Chancel Part of the altar for the clergy or choir, bordered by railings.

Chapels or chantries Recesses on the sides of aisles in cathedrals and abbey churches. Cinquefoil An ornamental design of five pendants in a circular ring surrounding a window or panel. Clerestory The upper storey of a church that rises above the aisle roof; it is often lined with a series of windows, which allow extra light into the interior. Crocket A small ornament typically depicting stylised foliage projecting from the sloping angles of pinnacles or spires.

Dripstone A small stone incorporated into door or window jambs to direct rain water clear of the opening. Finial The top or finishing stone of a pinnacle. Flying buttress A buttress that is arched at the top and engages with a main wall to give additional support. Flying butresses are a common feature of Gothic architecture.

Gargoyle A spout carved in the shape of an animal or demon, which drains rain water from the roof of a building. Green man A decorative Gothic carving characterised by a human face sprouting from foliage. Pictured are cloisters in a church in Madrid, Spain top ; and a green Nave man water feature in Aix-en- The main internal area of a church or cathedral that is used by Provence, France below. Reredos A decorative screen behind the altar, usually highly carved.

The City Beautiful Movement endeavoured to create attractive urban environments and generate a feeling of well-being with the development of harmonious public spaces and monumental architecture.

The movement borrowed from the Beaux-Arts aesthetic, and its architecture is characterised by colonnaded domes Lynne Furrer for public buildings. It may be used for environmental or decorative purposes. Time-lapse photography above shows the erection of the structure, and how the addition of cladding brings the final form to life. There have been a number of classical revivals, but the most well known is the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-eighteenth century.

Pictured left is Lazienki Palace in Warsaw, Poland. Bartlomiej Kwieciszewski It features an entablature carried by Corinthian order pilasters and crowned by a balustrade that bears statues of mythological figures. Climate is one of the most fundamental concerns of architecture because one of the primary functions of a building is to provide protection and shelter from the elements.

For example, ice is used to build igloos in the harsh Arctic environment while terracotta tiles and adobe walls are often found in the architecture of southern Spain to help withstand heat and rainfall. Pictured above left is the entrance hall to The Ice Hotel in Quebec, Canada, an extraordinary concept that is necessarily rebuilt every year.

Shown right is a detail from the roof of a building in Crimea, Ukraine. Its pan-tiles allow vast amounts of water to quickly drain away. A colonnade may be straight or curved and can be used in a number of different ways.

The name given to a colonnade will depend upon its situation. For instance, when positioned in front of a building it is called a portico; if it comprises single columns it is a screen; if it encloses an open court it is a peristyle; and if it encloses the passage around a courtyard it is a cloister.

A colonnade is unlike an arcade as it does not house or create any discrete spaces or rooms. It was initiated in AD70 by Vespian and completed ten years later by emperor Titus. Above these, there would originally have been another level of timber seating. Below the stage was a complex arrangements of passageways, cages, lifts and ramps used by the performers and animals. A column consists of the base, shaft and capital, and is commonly found supporting arches, beams or entablature.

Columns typically have a larger diameter at the bottom than the top, which makes them appear straighter and taller. Most have a convex shape called entasis, which compensates for the concave illusion produced when the sides are perfectly straight. It was the largest temple in Greece during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.

Proportionally it is the same as the Corinthian, and includes the volutes of the Ionic order and the foliated capitals of the Corinthian. Composite columns can also feature decorative echinus — the bit above the volute but below the abacus — and plant designs with egg-and-dart ornamentation.

As material and construction technology continues to advance, architects have obtained greater freedom to create buildings and can thus move away from the cuboid structures of modernism by introducing more curved surfaces. The metre diameter O2 building formerly the Millennium Dome in London, was created by architect Richard Rogers and is the largest single-roofed structure in the world right.

It has twelve metre-high support towers and a plano-convex shape. In contrast, the building overlooking the Maas River in the Netherlands left has a distinctly concave shape. A conceptual sketch may take the form of a moment of inspiration noted down as quickly as possible, or a more studied outline of how a proposed building or scheme will look.

Constructivism celebrated movement, industry and modern materials, and sought to break with the past through a combination of utopian ideals Constructivism continues to bear and abstract architectonic form. The Corinthian order is identified by its slender fluted column and an ornate capital decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls. This order was little used in Greek architecture but became popular during Roman times.

Corinthian column flutes may be filleted with rods nestling within. Beading or chains of husks may also be included as it offers more opportunities for variation than the other orders. Pictured is a detail of a Corinthian column and its distinctive carved capital. The cornice is the top projecting section of the entablature. Any element that projects slightly at the top of the building, and therefore helps throw the rain away from the walls, can be described as a cornice.

The top sloping elements of a portico are also described as a cornice. This style is clearly illustrated by the design of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain.

It was created by Canadian-born architect Frank Gehry and features radically sculpted, organic contours. It has been one of the most widely recognised deconstructivist buildings since its opening in Architecture of this period is characterised by its window openwork that features parallel mullions which cross and intersect to create a stone matrix of tracery that fills the top part of the window.

Tracery style changed from being geometrical to a flowing curvilinear style at the start of the period. Pictured is the decorated western elevation of Wells Cathedral, in Somerset. A dentil typically projects as far as it is wide, with a spacing interval of half its width. Pictured is a neoclassical European building that features a sequence of dentils within an entablature above a series of Corinthian columns.

De Stijl or the style , focused on pure abstraction and universality through a reduction to the essentials of form and colour. They advocated the use of clean untextured planes decorated with pure dense primary colours.

Veronika Trofer Pavel Bernshtam Dmitry Bodrov A concave structural element erected upon a circular base, and usually the shape of a semi-sphere. A dome has a curved surface and functions much like an arch, but provides support in all directions. Larger domes often have two or even three layers: the top and bottom are decorative, while the centre layer is structural and supports the other two. Domes can be segmental, semicircular, pointed or bulbous. A door can cover the entrance to a room or cupboard and be moved aside to access the space beyond.

It is attached to the surrounding architrave by hinges or a rail upon which it slides. Doors are traditionally comprised of several different elements. Note how they stand directly onto the floor of the temple without a base. Also shown below is a detail of a column that has concave grooves in the shaft, a simple rounded capital, and triglyphs, which are placed on the upper half of the entablature. Andreas Guskos One of the three orders of classical Greek architecture along with Corinthian and Ionic.

Doric columns stand directly on the flat stylobate or platform surface of a temple, without a base. They have vertical shafts fluted with 20 parallel concave grooves and are topped by a smooth round capital that flares from the column. The Doric order features vertically channelled triglyphs or decorative blocks , which rest on the plain frieze that occupies the lower half of the entablature. Derived from the Latin domus dei, meaning house of God.

It is one of the largest churches in the world, and has spires and over statues. It was commissioned in and construction did not finish until the early s. It is constructed from white marble and is magnificently Gothic. Also shown is a view inside the ruined Whitby Abbey right , another example of the period.

Early English Period c. Early English architecture is characterised by the pointed arch or lancet that was used for windows and doors. Lancet windows are narrow and lack tracery.

In addition to looking elegant, lancet arches efficiently distribute the weight of the stonework resting upon it. The early English style also features high walls and vaulted stone roofs, often given additional support from flying buttresses. They throw water away from the walls of the building, provide a protected corridor around the structure and form a decorative edge to the roof. American Craftsmen Style This style became popular at the end of the nineteenth century and remained so until the s.

The style features extensive overhanging eaves, exposed rafters or decorative brackets and a front Aaron Kohr porch underneath the extension to the main roof.

Craftsman or California bungalows left , were built with very wide eaves and decorative brackets. Eclecticism in architecture sees the use of different historic styles in a single building, an approach popular throughout the nineteenth century.

Pictured is the Duomo di Mantova in Mantua, Italy, which has been successively rebuilt, each time in the style of the period of the day. It has floors and is Veldon Simpson, an architect well known for the use of overblown and kitsch imagery, designed the hotel.

Opened in , the Luxor Hotel is a metre-high, storey black glass pyramid that incorporates a replica of the Great Sphinx of Giza, amongst other Egyptian structures. It contains no perspective, so things close up and far away are drawn at the same scale.

Elevations are commonly used in the decision- making process of an architectural design as they can provide the client and other interested parties with a visualisation of the finished building. Elizabethan architecture followed Tudor architecture and is characterised by large-mullioned windows and features such as the Dutch gable and geometric Flemish strapwork.

Large, square and tall houses were often built with symmetrical towers that evolved from medieval fortifications. Coughton Court in Warwickshire, England pictured is a fine example of Elizabethan architecture. Empire style sought to represent and solidify the achievements of Napoleon and the first French empire — through the appropriation of symbolism from the Greek and Roman empires. So, the inclusion of an entasis makes the sides of the columns appear straight.

As a result of the fragility of the materials and the desire of the Romans to erase all memory of them, few buildings remain. Accounts from Roman writers state that Etruscan Temples had high podiums upon which sat square buildings with gabled roofs containing three chambers. A terracotta-tiled roof protected the wood and mud brick block walls, while other terracotta fittings protected the beams and joints. The engineer Gustave Eiffel designed the brilliantly imaginative tower.

Built from 18, pieces of structural iron, 2. Thermal expansion of the iron means the tower top may shift away from the sun by up to 18cm and can sway 6—7cm in the wind. The Expo originated from the French Industrial Exposition of , and was one of 40 worldwide expositions held in the later half of the nineteenth century, to encourage progressive developments in industry, agriculture and technology. Pictured is a roof under construction.

Note the protective fascia boards positioned directly under the roof slates. The Fibonacci series is named after the mathematician Fibonacci, or Leonardo of Pisa, who observed this sequence in the proportions of the natural world. Numbers from the Fibonacci sequence are used in the Golden Section to produce proportionally beautiful dimensional relationships.

Swiss architect Le Corbusier developed a scale of architectural proportion based on the human body, which he named Le Modulor. This system features interrelated modular proportions in increments of 27cm and 16cm. It uses the Golden Section ratio with a combination of proportions produced from of the full height of a man, and those produced from the height of the navel.

The illustration below shows how the length of a man with arm extended cm is twice the height of his navel cm. It can also be found at the top or corner of a building, bench end or canopy. Straw animals on the ridges of thatched cottages are also called finials. Finials were formerly thought to deter witches or flying devils from landing on the roof. Oriental pagodas often feature elaborate finials; this detail above from a temple at the Grand Palace in Bangkok, Thailand features a gilded Chofa finial on its roof.

The fleur-de-lis ornamentation is particularly prevalent in French architecture due to its symbolic reference to the monarchy. The symbol is believed to have been adopted as a symbol of purity following the conversion of King Clovis I to Christianity in AD Floor plans are a horizontal cut through the building, and conventionally provide a view at one metre above the level of the floor.

Perspective is not included, so things close up or far away are shown at the same scale. The shape of the building is clearly visible, as are the positions of the revolving door, the lifts and the stairs. He was a relatively young architect when he designed the highly transparent and controversial Willis, Faber and Dumas Headquarters in Ipswich, England in This building, along with the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank in Hong Kong , put him at the vanguard of international architecture.

His modernist high-tech approach is at the forefront of the twenty- first century movement towards sustainable and ecologically sensitive architecture. It is an iconic glass tower with a triangular braced structure, energy conscious glass Kevin Britland cladding, solar reflectors and internal gardens that spiral up through the building.

The loadbearing structure is built up from the ground, brick by brick, while the frame is a skeletal arrangement of struts, ties and beams. The frame has its origins in early tent-like structures and also the trabeated post-and-beam lintel architecture of ancient Greece. The frame, which is usually constructed from steel or reinforced concrete, gives a great deal of freedom in the design of the space.

The walls do not have to be connected to the structure and thus the manner in which the space can be used is very flexible. Illustrated is an example of an A-framed building. The technique involves mixing a pigment with water and then painting on wet, fresh, lime mortar or plaster, into which the mixture is absorbed. Frescos are typically luxuriously painted and feature classical, mythical or religious themes.

Frescos typically depict classical, mythological or religious themes. The fresco from Pompeii, Italy Danilo Ascione right , depicts a young male, maybe a god. Similar to a mural, a frieze adds a decorative element to the top of a building. Pictured is a frieze of 19 scenes from American history, which can be found on the Capitol Rotunda at the United States Capitol building. Functionalism, in which form follows function, was popularised by American architect Louis Henri Sullivan.

Expressing distaste for architectural ornamentation, functionalists focused on developing plain and simple designs. This enforced the idea that the shape of a structure should be formed by its functional requirements, rather than aesthetics.

The building must be fit for purpose. The caged riprap is then used for erosion control and to build dams or foundations. Nowadays, gabion walls are used to stabilise shores against erosion and are also used as retaining walls or temporary floodwalls.

The gabion is increasingly seen as a viable aesthetic and construction technique for much contemporary architecture. This gabion wall below is used to stabilise a slope or mountain by a road. The shape of a gable is determined by the structure of the building and its aesthetic styling. The whole wall can sometimes be described as the gable elevation.

The gables pictured here also feature decorative exposed rafters. A gargoyle is attached to the rainwater drainage system of a building, usually at roof level, and throws water away from the walls. Gargoyles were popular in medieval Europe where they were used on churches as their grotesque forms were believed to scare off evil spirits. However, their use in architecture dates back to the temples of ancient Egypt. Chimeras or grotesques take similar forms, but these figures are only ornamental and do not function as waterspouts.

He used gothic and traditional Spanish architectural elements with irregular designs that made use of intricately carved stonework and ceramic tiles. He also created non-linear spaces that appeared to be interwoven with the natural form of the structure. Gazebos can be made of any building material such as stone in the example pictured. Gazebos were traditionally placed to take advantage of a view. They were built in many public parks during the Victorian era and were occasionally large enough to serve as bandstands.

He developed his unconventional and postmodern architectural approach with the design of his own house in , which is eclectic and takes its style from many different influences and varied materials. However, it is the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain completed in , for which Gehry is renowned. His working method is possibly closer to that of a sculptor — he constructs models from torn and crumpled cardboard, which are assembled and reassembled many times.

These models are then translated into architectural drawings through the use of specially developed computer software. Its curved surfaces are clad with titanium sheets and the building appears to be permanently shifting within its dockside location.

The genius loci is the spirit of a place and the term derives from the protective spirit believed to inhabit a space in Roman mythology. The genius loci may be enhanced through garden landscaping or the effective use of light.

The structure is made from geometric elements that have local triangular rigidity and distribute stress across an entire structure or space frame. It is the only man-made structure that gets proportionally stronger as it increases in size. A geodesic dome has the highest ratio of enclosed volume to weight. Buckminster Fuller developed a series of geodesic frame houses in the s and s. A geodesic dome can be made using either a triangular-based structure far left or a hexagonal-based structure left as illustrated.

The Georgian architectural saw a return to classical principles of proportion and symmetry. The crescent is a series of individual dwellings, but it is intended to be seen as one magnificent edifice. A girder is the main horizontal support of a construction, and it supports the smaller beams. The use of girders in steel-frame buildings allowed for the development of skyscrapers due to their lightweight nature. The building pictured is being constructed with I-beam girders.

Kevin Penhallow I-beam girder Box girder Z-beam girder Flange Flange Flange Web Web Web Flange Flange Flange Girders are produced in three main forms: the I-beam, which has an I-shaped cross-section; the box girder, which is a hollow rectangular structure with thin walls enclosed on four sides; and a Z-beam, which has an angled profile.

The Golden Section is used in architecture due to the harmonious proportions it provides, which results in a balanced design. Begin with a square A and dissect it B. Then form an isosceles triangle C by drawing lines from the bottom corners to the top of the bisecting line. With a compass, extend an arc from the apex of the triangle to the baseline D and draw a line perpendicular to the baseline from the point at which the arc intersects it.

Complete the rectangle to form the Golden Section E. The line below is divided by the proportion. This proportional relationship is at the foundation of the Fibonacci series. The golden ratio can be applied to any spatial relationship in architecture and has been used by many architects as a means of positioning key elements at focal points. Notre Dame in Paris, France above took nearly years to build and was the first building to use flying buttresses to relieve stress from its high, thin walls.

Notre Dame is also known for its four circular rose windows, built in — Popular in Great Britain, Europe and North America, perhaps more Gothic architecture was built during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries than was constructed in the original medieval period. A neoclassical design similar to that of the US White House and Congress was avoided due to its revolutionary and republican connotations.

The tower holds the parliamentary archives and includes an iron flagstaff from which the Royal Standard or Union Flag is flown. A ha-ha has a trench or ditch that is faced with stone and turfed on the side furthest from the property. The ha-ha is thought to have been created by English garden designer Charles Bridgeman — , and by English architect William Kent — A cross-section of a ha-ha showing the incline, retaining wall and grass levels left.

A double-sided ha-ha border at Melford Hall in Suffolk below. Hierarchy in architecture works in two ways. The first is the hierarchy present within the physical building — different areas are designed so that they are given more weight or space, a reflection of their importance. The second manner in which hierarchy can work is the visual statement of a building. Certain elements within the building may be given greater visual status, such as a tower, entrance or even a conference room.

Within urban design, the site and visual aesthetic of a building may establish its position within the hierarchy of the location. Designed by Walter Netsch, the spired chapel makes a dramatic statement, particularly given the conservative institution that it represents. House styles are many and varied, but some of the most common are illustrated below. Cottage Bungalow Terrace A small, two-storey rural dwelling.

A single-storey house. Terrace housing restricted by the eaves of the roof and originally meant a house in became popular in England during that frame it. Saltbox Semi-detached Detached A wood-framed house originating Pairs of houses built together as a A free-standing home built on a in seventeenth-century New unit, sharing a wall that separates site that surrounds it, usually with England, USA.

This style has a them. The layout of each half a garden or yard. Also called long, pitched roof, flat front and a mirrors the other.

It has one storey at the back and two at the front. Shotgun Chalet Apartment A narrow rectangular house A wooden building style commonly A single-room residency, with popular in the southern USA and found in the Alpine region of variations including the L-shaped comprising three to five rooms in a Europe. The exhibits characterised the expression of volume rather than mass, balance rather than preconceived symmetry, and the expulsion of applied ornament.

The Ionic order emerged in the mid-sixth century BC and features columns that stand on a base, separating the column shaft from the stylobate or platform.

The Ionic column is more slender than its Doric counterpart, and is eight to nine column-diameters tall. The shaft is usually fluted and the column capital has paired scrolling volutes that rest upon it. The volutes are sometimes angled, to project slightly from the corner of the capital, which ensures that they are viewed equally when seen from either the front or the side.

The books detailed systematic rules on architecture for both appearance and construction of elements such as walls, frames, ceilings, stairs, doors, columns, roofs, details and windows. The gate is covered with striking blue-glazed tiles and also features bas-relief sirrush dragons and bulls that line the Processional Way passing through the gate.

The gate is a reconstruction; only the original foundations and a few glazed bricks were discovered. The structure stands metres-high and metres-wide. The style features low-pitched or flat roofs with projecting eaves supported by corbels, imposing cornices, pedimented windows and doors, tall first-floor windows, angled bay windows, glazed doors, and balconies with Renaissance balustrades.

Inigo Jones — was the first English architect to study architecture in Italy, where he was much influenced by the work of the great Italian architect Andrea Palladio — Inigo Jones believed that building design should be guided by the principles described by the Roman writer Vitruvius. The style, when practised by architects, is characterised by undulating lines, sinuous curves and the depiction of leaves, flowers and flowing vines combined with austere geometric patterns.

The spaces suffused with light and the sea ,square-foot building is a series of spaces for both work and contemplation. Natural and artificial light is used to enhance the display of objects. A keystone is usually larger than the other wedge- shaped voussoirs or stones that form the arch. This is both for structural and visual reasons. Although the word keystone implies that it is the most important element in the arch, the removal of any voussoir would cause the structure to collapse.

Lintels were a prominent feature of Ancient Greek post-and-beam architecture. They are load-bearing and support the weight from the building structure in addition to their own weight. Lintels are often decorated so that they blend in or can actually be hidden within the surrounding structure.

The passage of people in a hallway or staircase is an example of a live load. Shown above is a working drawing by John Robertson Architects that illustrates floor and cladding construction, and also indicates the usage of the building by showing how it can be occupied and what its suggested live load might be. Lloyd Wright practised organic architecture wherein a building was a product of its place and its time, rather than an imposed style. This extended to maintaining a respect for material properties and the harmonious relationship between form, design and the function of the building, while attempting to integrate spaces into a coherent whole.

An example of achieving this balance is the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City above , which has a dynamic interior space with a spiral ramp. They are primarily used as window shutters but can also be used for both internal and external doors. Louvres may have horizontal or vertical slats, and function both practically and decoratively. The slats allow light and air to enter a room, and can keep out direct sunlight.

As such they are a key element in passive bioclimatic design. Machu Picchu comprises buildings that feature cut masonry fixed without mortar. The stone faces were cut so finely and are so beautifully built that a knife cannot be inserted between them.

Located between two mountains, the construction of Machu Picchu harnessed the site topography; sculptures were carved into rock, stone channels were cut for water to flow to different cisterns, and temples hanging on steep precipices were created. Charles Rennie Mackintosh had a style that featured the contrast between strong right angles and floral-inspired decorative motifs.

Pictured are the Mackintosh Room in the Glasgow School of Art left ; an exterior view of the Glasgow School of Art centre ; and Hill House in Helensburgh, Scotland right , which features a distinct right-angled layout with cylindrical tower details. Centred in and around Antwerp, Belgium, Mannerism influenced the Renaissance styles that were introduced into England.

The seventeenth century Ducal Mansion bottom in the grounds of Nottingham Castle, in Nottingham, England, was built in the Intalianate mannerist style. Named after King Manuel I — , Manueline or late Portuguese Gothic has Spanish, Italian and Flemish influences and features complex ornamentation, often depicting armillary spheres, anchors, and marine elements such as shells, seaweed and columns carved like rope.

Note the Manueline maritime imagery on the columns. Masterplanning involves the planning of housing, commercial and industrial spaces, green spaces, public spaces and transportation nodes with the aim of developing sustainable communities.

A detailed masterplan ensures that all agreed design components can be positioned within the overall design scheme, with the final result appearing as an aerial snapshot illustrating the proposed layout. Pictured is the Islands Brygge South development in Copenhagen, Denmark created by John Robertson Architects, in which different areas of the site have been designed by different architects.

Timber Granite Copper Sawn wood used for building A hard, durable rock used for cut A non-ferrous metal used for frames, panels and planking. Plasterboard Glass Brick A lightweight panel made from A transparent silica-based substrate A rectangular artificial stone block gypsum and often used for interior used to glaze buildings.

McMansions are characterised by a mishmash of architectural styles all rolled into one building. They may reference classical architecture through the use of columns and porticos, but this could be mixed with the clapboard siding of colonial American architecture. McMansions are typically built with wood-framed stud and plasterboard walls and often feature higher-end surfacing materials such as hardwood, cut stone and ceramic tiling.

At the opposite end of the building spectrum to the McMansion is the Slow Home Movement, a reaction to this style of building, just as Slow Food is a reaction to fast food.

Memorials can take many forms, from a cenotaph, to a statue or fountain. Although constructed throughout history, war memorials became increasingly widespread in the twentieth century.

For example, of the hundreds of church parishes in the UK, all but a few dozen have war memorials for those killed during the First World War. Pictured above is the Holocaust Memorial in Berlin, Germany. The power point slides have instructor notes. The copyright of this material will always belong to Eastwood Harris Pty Ltd. Purchasers may edit and use the slides for running their own courses but may not sell the original material. Book Size: B5 or 7?

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